SYSTEM SHOCK 2 FRENCH EPSTEIN ARCHIVE

Here, we describe the variables used to identify household SEP and the material environment the child is exposed to, at wave 1: The children's mean age at wave 2 is 3♱4 (☐♲0) years of age. The final sample size for our analyses is 12 457 children. We randomly chose one child per family to satisfy the hypothesis of independence between observations.

Our sample selection was based on individuals with data available for oral fluid at 3 years of age (wave 2) from which analyses were extracted. At baseline, 18 818 children were included. There were six waves of data collection at the time of writing: at 9 months (baseline) and then at 3, 5, 7, 11 and 14 years of age. The sample is nationally representative of children living in the UK shortly after birth, a stratified clustered survey design was used.

SYSTEM SHOCK 2 FRENCH EPSTEIN ARCHIVE

Data are deposited in the UK Data Archive by the Centre for Longitudinal Studies ( ).

The MCS follows children born in the UK (Scotland, England, Wales and Northern Ireland) between 20. The Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) and participants We will study the association between household SEP at 9 months, including family, material and area-level factors and EBV infection at 3 years of age using a prospective, nationally representative birth cohort study from the UK. In this paper, we hypothesise that early socioeconomic disadvantage influences the timing of EBV infection along a social-material pathway, which we will examine at both an ecological and individual level. Ultimately, the environmental factors and life course stages implicated may underline potential areas for public health intervention. The social-to-biological mechanisms highlighted by such an approach may be beneficial or deleterious to subsequent health trajectories, but in both cases warrant analysis to improve our understanding of the life course processes affecting the health outcomes of different population groups. In turn, these alterations may result in differential health outcomes. It is a conceptual framework that allows researchers to examine how environmental factors (in the broadest sense including social, psychosocial, behavioural, physical etc.) lead to biological alterations over time. Life course epidemiology involves understanding how health is constructed through dynamic process occurring over the life span. One set of mechanisms of interest here that may link disadvantaged socioeconomic circumstances with infection and the timing of infection, may be through the material environment, such as the area of residence, the quality of housing and family characteristics. Should early primary infection be socially patterned, this may be an interesting ‘social-to-biological’ mechanism to examine, with implications for subsequent immune function and health trajectories across the life course. Indeed, EBV acquisition itself has been linked to socioeconomic position (SEP), underlining that associations between childhood SEP and EBV infection at an early age deserve further attention as a potential mechanism of earlier primary infection among more disadvantaged groups of the population. The mechanisms involved in acquiring infections in early in life include material factors such as poorer hygiene or overcrowded living conditions. The overall nature and burden of these infections in early life may have positive or negative consequences for chronic diseases later in life. As such, examining the determinants of the timing of EBV acquisition may facilitate our understanding of different health trajectories over the life course.Ī number of infections in early life and adulthood have been shown to have a higher prevalence among those lower on the socioeconomic gradient. Early acquisition of primary EBV infection could be beneficial in the short term, contributing to the maturation of the immune system with generally mild symptoms among preadolescents, however, in some cases, it has been considered a possible risk factor for subsequent chronic pathologies. Infections occurring early in life are generally asymptomatic but have been linked with some chronic diseases in later life, while EBV primary infection occurring in older childhood or adolescence often causes symptomatic disease, most commonly infectious mononucleosis.

Age at initial infection is variable and may have a differential impact on host response. Usually, EBV is transmitted through oral fluid early in life and persists as a dormant or active pathogen over the lifetime of infected individuals. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous B-lymphotropic herpesvirus, which is highly prevalent in the general population affecting more than 90% of adults.

System shock 2 french epstein